Medicinal PLANTS contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal PLANTS. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal PLANTS, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

More than 22% of the world's agricultural land is saline, and this trend continues to increase with climate changes. Salinity stress causes leaf color change, osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, prevents growth, photosynthesis and plant performance. Due to their size less than micron, metal nanoparticles have a great absorption and transmission power in PLANTS. Salinity stress is a major problem in hot and dry areas under tomato cultivation. For this purpose, investigating the mutual effects of the size and type of zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles on the improvement and change of growth and increasing the resistance to salt stress in tomato PLANTS of the early urbana variety were carried out in the form of a completely randomized and factorial design with 4 replications, at a significant level of 5%. In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles in 25 and 50 nm sizes, iron oxide in 25 nm sizes and sodium chloride in 0 and 75 mM levels were used. Nanoparticles and salinity treatments were both applied to the PLANTS. The results showed that salt stress led to a decrease in plant growth parameters such as shoot and root length, leaf area, RWC, ion leakage. Also, NaCl led to an increase in the accumulation of prolin and other aldehydes, sodium, iron and zinc. The application of nanoparticles had a slight effect in stress-free conditions, but in stressed conditions, these two nanoparticles alone and especially in combination neutralized the effect of salinity and reduced the damage caused by salinity stress.

Archaeobotany is one of the interdisciplinary sciences in archaeology. Archaeobotany studies plant remains in archaeological contexts. Based on plant findings, it discusses topics such as people's livelihood, agriculture, vegetation, climate changes, dating, etc. So, this course can reply to many questions archaeologists face about an ancient site and people. In recent years, archaeologists have paid a lot of attention to this field and tried to use experts in excavations. One of the excavations that has paid a lot of attention to archaeobotany, is Feyzabad site. This site has Islamic periods. During the excavation in 2022 in this site, some ovens were found, as well as some samples from them. In this research, we intend to answer questions such as the functioning of the sampled ovens and the identification of plant remains in the ovens. Finally, by combining the information found, we will shed light on the lives of the people of this period. By doing this research, our information about the life of the people belonging to this area, their livelihood and the common types of plant remains used in this area will increase. Also, micro information about climatic conditions will be obtained. After carrying out the necessary investigations and research, it was found that the ovens found in the trench D8 are related to cooking to the inner part of the royal citadel. Besides the more specialized work that is being done, animal husbandry and agriculture are popular. Some climate changes such as warmer weather and less humidity were also identified

In this consideration 36 aromatic plant species depending to labiates (Labiatae) family studied in Mazandaran province. The factors ecological studied in habitats aromatic PLANTS were involved slope percentage, aspect, height, soil of texture, climate, yearly precpitation and temperature mean cover percentage, the best habitat with respect to abundance and density, vegetation types dispersion, companion PLANTS of environmental conditions.Indicator PLANTS of very cold mediterranean climate and over 3000 meter height are betony (Betonica nivea subsp mazandarana), motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca). Indicator PLANTS of sub-dry cold climate (250-300 mm precipitation) are hymenocrater (Hymenocrater calycinus), hedge nettle (Stahys turcomanica), desert rod (Eremostachys macrophylla), (E.labiosiformis), field- basil (Ziziphora teniur), cat thyme (Teucrium chamaedrys). Indicator PLANTS of humid climate are hedge are hedge nettle (Stachys persica), calaminth (Calamintha grandiflora). The greatest abundence of PLANTS occurred in cold mediteranean cllimate. Indicator plant olluvial and slopy foothill is catmint (Nepeta saccharrata). Indicator PLANTS of dislocated and bare foothill in forsts and woodlands are wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare), hedge nettle (sachys setifera), horehound (Marrubium vulgare). Indicator PLANTS of edge small rivers are calaminth (Calamintha grandiflora), catmint (Nepeta cataria). Indicator PLANTS of unutilized drylands between forest and ragelands are hedge nettle (stachys byzanthina).Indicator PLANTS of little saline soils are hedge netlle (Stachys injlata) and afghan silver sage (pervoskia abrotanoides). The plant species such as hedge netlle (S.byzanthina, S.lavandulifolia), Thyme (Thymusspp), Catthyme (Teucrium polium) are very abundantand betony (Betonica nivea subsp mazandarana), hymenocrater (Hcalycinus. Helegans), desertrod (E.macrophylla, E.labiosiformis), calaminth (Calamintha ofJicinali5),hedge nettle (S.setifera) catmint (Nepeta cataria), field-basil (Ziziphora tenuior), catmint (Nepeta pungens) are rare PLANTS species in Mazandaran.

Since the evaluation of the diversity indicators in consumption of medicinal species by the beneficiary’s households and its driving factors is of utmost importance in marketing, multi-purpose planning of rangelands and sustainable development, a questionary-based study was carried out to determine the diversity indices of medicinal species consumption in settled nomadic communities living under different management and livelihood situations in the rangelands of Dyvaroeieh in Bardsir township, Kerman province, Iran. To this end, the medicinal species consumed by each household (as a study unit) in addition to the diversity indicators of consumption (i.e., dominance coefficient and Shannon-Weiner index) were evaluated under two management sites comprising Rangeland Management Plan (RMP) (i.e.,Dvyaroeieh 1) and the nearest adjacent rangeland without RMP (i.e., Dyvaroeieh 2, as control treatment ) and three livelihood levels (i.e., very poor (<50 million Rials monthly income), poor (50-100 million Rials monthly income) and moderate (100-150 million Rials monthly income)) under factorial test in SPSS software environment. The study's results revealed that both of management and livelihood factors can be applied by manager to increase diversity indices in medicinal PLANTS consumed by beneficiaries. More specifically, management through RMP was more powerful and effective tool in this way. Therefore, it could conceivably be argued that RMP can be considered as a driving factor in increasing the diversity of medicinal plant consumption and also be a suitable platform to meet the needs and demands of rangelands’ beneficiaries in this field.